How Happy could Gay Men be in a Homophobic Society such as Ours Essay

Homosexuality is no longer an undisclosed idea amongst us, and their existence in our society is no longer a question to be raised. As we know, they enter the same shops we visit every now and then; they ride the same buses and subways we catch; they walk the same streets we tread everyday; they breathe the same air we do, all for one apparent reason: they are no less human than any of us in this society could possibly be. Despite the common knowledge we all have about the existence of these people who suddenly came out from the box, it still raises different reactions from the crowd of the so called â€Å"normal people†Ã¢â‚¬â€as the society itself may refer to it. While others have learned to accept the given fact that there is a possibility of alteration to the socially set standard of normality, such as this one on the area of gender, there are still some who just couldn’t practice the act of coexistence with these so called â€Å"new breeds. There are still people who religiously believe that the defiance of the â€Å"norm† such as crossing from one gender to another is absolutely unacceptable. Given this reality, a lot of attempts have been made to somehow sway these people out of their enclosed bubbles. Even media, one of the most influential elements in our society, took a step further by recognizing the existence of gays and lesbians in their projects themed after differe nt slices of life—like the top notching series Will & Grace, and the award-winning movie Philadelphia. With people’s warm embrace with the idea in moving pictures, it seemed no far from the possibility that they could, one way or another, welcome the idea in reality with open arms; the only question remaining is: how wide open could these people extend their arms based on what their televisions feed them? According to Marisa Conolly on her article entitled Homosexuality on Television: The Heterosexualization of Will & Grace in Print Media, despite the television show Will & Grace’s attempt to promote the â€Å"normality† of the existence of gay men in the society, the show wasn’t able to fully liberate the misunderstood bunch. Intentionally or not, certain limitations have been set by the said show, leaving unnecessary provisions among viewers which they could refer to in terms of classifying homosexuality unacceptable and acceptable for the public’s eyes. Generally, Will, one of the main characters of the said show who happens to play a part of a supposed homosexual, was somehow portrayed in a heterosexual manner; his mere association with Grace, a straight female character, shades the scene to a different color. Their supposed friendship was brought into a different heterosexual border of relationship, wherein platonic is brought into a twisted romantic angle—somehow portraying him caught in between the certainty of homosexuality and the tendency to lean on heterosexuality. Unfortunately, their possible interest to sell is totally negating the promotion of the other, thus making it more complicated for the viewers whether to absorb him as a subtle gay who simply seeks recognition, or as a male, in the middle of an identity crisis, still clinging on the idealism of heterosexuality through tricky dramatization of his relationship with a straight woman. The same idea was raised in the film Philadelphia by Jonathan Demme. On the said movie, instead weighing through the inconsistency of the perceived representation of character, the viewers are simply being caught in the middle of a life and death situation. Instead of making their viewers understand the real score within the extent of reality that the film itself is providing, they are subconsciously redefining pity as a substitute for this understanding. They have misused the forthcoming of death to the gay persona’s advantage by playing on it as if saying: â€Å"Hey, I am dying now of AIDS, and I am gay. Now that I will be leaving this mortal place soon, will you please have the compassion of accepting me for who I really am? † Personally, I don’t think that this is the proper way of educating the people because it is basically misleading. Though the two groups are closely knitted by its constant reception of seclusion from the society, it is unfair to define being gay no different from having AIDS. Being gay is not a deadly viral disease like AIDS; it is simply a way of life that is, more often than not, being misunderstood. Upon watching the film, I was left caught at the vagueness of Denzel Washington’s character. I thought at first that he will be the one responsible to set free Tom Hanks’ character, but by the end of the film, my hopes were dropped on the floor. His supposed homophobia, which I first thought will be the vital element he has as one of the lead character, somehow got lost in the latter part of the story. The issue tackled dealt mainly on Hanks’ viral illness and how most people generally react to it—giving the homosexuality issue, which is more widespread in reality, a weak standpoint. The common ground between the two different portrayals of gay men stated above is its tendency to seek for conditions before actually opening the idea of acceptance. For television sitcom Will & Grace, they sought for a subtle way to conform with the â€Å"norms† by partially heterosexualizing the gay character, while for the movie Philadelphia, they played with emotions, most specifically guilt, by bringing into their attention that death is an uneventful future for the character. Basically, in their own particular ways, they are always looking for certain loop holes to pull off gayness acceptable—meaning gayness itself defines no reason to stand on its own. In this case, their uncritical viewers tend to get accustomed in looking for such passages before they actually accept certain circumstances, which unfortunately not every gay man has. In the end, publication of ideas and slices of life such as these only implies that as time passed by the society is still keeping its doors closed to the recognition of homosexuality’s existence. Again it only shows the greatest weakness that any society has: a fear of the â€Å"unordinary. † They are not exactly liberation but rather a form of deception in order to switch the attention of the critical public regarding their claim for ample recognition to homosexuals. None of these moving images placed a dot at the end of the statement â€Å"we accept homosexuality†; instead, they only made the issue more complex than ever by adding up the condition â€Å"if and only if† to the said declaration. If the shows themselves couldn’t accept the fact that gay men exist, how could their viewers do? I could give credit for the attempt pull out gays and lesbians from their malicious-satirical stereotype of simply being unpleasant, loud and mischievous, but still, that doesn’t make it enough for me. Compassion may be the best way to seek approval, but seeking proofs out of the ordinary and passing it off as the best solution is nothing but a substandard achievement. Homosexuality isn’t actually an issue seeking for a special treatment; that will be way too much for a goal now that it couldn’t even reach the approval of being lined up on the average level. All gays and lesbians need is the chance to be treated in a normal way—no more and no less than how people accept heterosexuals—where in they are not shoved away as if they are infectious beasts. Since media started this crooked representation of homosexuality on screen in the first place, I believe that they will be the only one who could correct this. Next time they produce best selling stories about homosexuals on their reels, they should try taking away those â€Å"special cases† that tend to sensationalize their stories—like exploring Will’s manly side as a gay man and Hanks’ incurable illness. If they want to represent gay men as part of the normal sector in our society, then they could probably represent them as simple as being another friendly neighbor from the block without a semi-romantic relationship with a straight female, but rather a nonchalant relationship with another man, or a successful lawyer who need not die at the end of the story just to gain recognition for his success as a lawyer; instead, he could just be another lawyer who saved the day—roles as simple as that, just like most heterosexuals portray. In that way, it will seem to be more realistic and fair for these people who usually live under the shadow of our judgmental society.

Narrative Essay. A Day of Mixed Happiness and Sadness Essay

Do you think that it’s unbelievable to feel happy and sad at the same time? Actually, it is really possible to feel these two feelings inasmuch since it is something that happened to me five years ago when I graduated from college. I was happy because it was my graduation party, but I was sad because we my classmates and me – would go our separate ways again after four years of being in a close-knit relationship. . First of all, as I had gotten up earlier than usual and prepared myself for the party, I arrived at college early. Of course I was really happy at that time and I took a seat next to my classmates, my friends. After a little time, as our classmates, guests and our teachers arrived at the large hall, the party began with the reciting of some Quranic verses, and the welcoming speech. Then we listened to the speeches of the rector of the university – University of Aden, the dean of the faculty of Education-Aden and the graduates’ valedictorian. After that we enjoyed some celebratory sections of the party, such as watching a play and listening to some popular and pleasant songs performed by some students. The official party of our graduation ended up with announcing the names of the honor students and distributing certificates of appraisal at the finale at the time at which we heard the call to Al-Dhuhr prayer. Then, after prayer everyone in our group was ready for the special party of our group – group two – at the college campus. It had been agreed the day before by the group students to bring lunch, cake and drinks. So we began to eat those delicious homemade meals and then moved to have some cakes, and sweets as one real family. When everybody had finished eating, the group party started pleasantly with remembering and discussing our college memories and stories with hearts full of nostalgia longing to return to those sweet past days and moments. Lastly, despite the concealed feelings of sadness and nostalgia, we had some moments of fun and amusement when some of our female classmates brought some humorous evaluations they had prepared about the personalities of most of us. But as we began to talk about our farewell and asked each other to write down some memorable notes in their notebooks as well, feelings got triggered until some eyes filled with tears and the hearts of all became full of mixed happiness and sadness, hopes and disappointments and also waves of nostalgia for the beloved past and storms of longing for the hoped future. To conclude, of course, on our significant date of graduation, we separated as it was the farewell day, but we made our way of communicating with each other by creating a group on â€Å"Facebook† with the same name of our study group. And we learned a lot throughout this experience, such as â€Å"whomever you like, some day you will be parted from† and we knew that this is the mores of life, which has its advantages and disadvantages in our points of view. Finally, my graduation party was so exciting because I graduated from college; on the other hand, that day was one of the saddest days of my life as a result of separating us after four years of brotherhood, intimacy, friendship and closeness.

Explore the Importance of Cultures and Tradition Essay

Veronica is a short story by Adewale Maja-Pearce. It teaches of how cultures, traditions, relationships, expectations and money force two people raised in the same cultural background, to separate and move on, for better and for worse as their lives take different paths. The story shows the great contrast between African village life and African town life. In the story, Okekà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the ever-lasting male friend of Veronica is drawn by the attraction of the city for the opportunities he sees for himself. The young woman Veronica on the other hand does not desire to leave their decomposing village for the city. She rejects Okeke’s offer for numerous reasons. The Gold Cadillac is a similar short story by Mildred Taylor. The Gold Cadillac tells the tale of a young black family from the North of America who purchase a new and rather extravagant car. Much to the despair of their relatives, the father of the household decides to ride the car down to the south, which is soon conveyed to be very racist. This story holds similar themes to that of Veronica as it shows, the contrast in how people from different cultural backgrounds are treated in different parts of America. It is also similar to veronica in that we see the contrasting beliefs amongst the same culture of people within the family. In the story of Veronica we are immediately informed that the local people of this village exist under cultural tradition. The author brings emphasise to them living in a small traditional village with the potential for strong beliefs and cultural traditions by the use of, â€Å"my native village†, which suggests remote, old fashioned almost primitive moral ideas. This is because the word, â€Å"native† is often used to describe tribes, in distant undeveloped ethnic areas. This assumption is confirmed as we learn that one of these beliefs is the important contrast between men and woman’s expectations. Adewale Maja-Pearce calls attention to this through presenting to Veronica’s responsibilities to the reader, â€Å"a lot of the responsibility for bringing up the other children had fallen on her†, the use of the word, â€Å"fallen† also implies that she did not chose to be given these responsibilities, but that her cultural traditions had force d them on her. We also recognize that the society in which Veronica is living in is male dominated and that men feel that they are more important, by the use of Maja-Pearce explaining the way in which Veronica’s father acts towards her, â€Å"Night after night I would lie awake listening to her screams†, as her beats her. One can be certain that this is very much the opinion of the entire village as another man, Okeke’s father, would not intervene, implying that this nature of behaviour towards women was common-place, â€Å"cursing myself for my own physical inadequacy and my father for his unwillingness to become involved.† This shows the importance of these cultures and traditions to people, because a grown man would not prevent the suffering of one of his own people where he had the opportunity, due to the expectations of their society, enforced by their traditions, and further shows the native peoples strong belief in it. Adewale Maja-Pearce also explores the different opportunities that men and women receive in the native village. Women, such as Veronica, were not authorised, what was in many countries at the time the story was written, the right of an education, as men such as Okekà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ were,† When I was twelve I started at the secondary school in town a few miles away†, she included this to the story to enforce the strong contrast of opportunities and rights between men and women in the village Women were not allowed to attend a school in this village because in the eyes of the natives, they had no reason to as it was expected of the women to remain at their home and perform chores, such as cleaning, caring for the younger children and cooking for the family, she shows this through veronica’s knowledge of what she must do, â€Å"I have to go and cook my father will be home soon†, the Author also stresses this point by the use of , â€Å"I have to†, which implies that Veronica has no choice. However this further illustrates how Veronica is used to her responsibilities, enforced by the culture which she lives in and actually accepts her status quo. â€Å"I can’t just leave my family.† This demonstrates how Veronica, as she gets older, comes to believe that her place is the home, and that all of the responsibility and unfair expectation is justified. However there was a time in which veronica was curious about education and would have liked to go to school, â€Å"and she asked me endless questions about my school†. It also further emphasises her loyalty to her family, as when asked, â€Å"What have they ever done for you?† she replies without hesitation, showing her certainty in what she says, â€Å"Don’t talk like that, they are my family, that is enough.† Most interestingly, she shows much devotion and respect to her father as she cooks for him despite the way he treated her throughout her life, â€Å"And although her father had long stopped beating her in every other respect nothing had really altered†. Caring for people for Veronica was much harder than anyone in Britain could understand, as she would have had no modern appliances; everything would have been done by hand, which is much, more time consuming. The way in which she responded to Okeke’s remark, (stated above), with such certainty also shows that she thought it as a duty to her family to perform the traditions and expectations enforced by her society. In conclusion this shows how important tradition was to the people of this culture in the story because, Veronica is willing to put her family first, before her, in her order of priorities even though it jeopardized her future, because if she had of gone to the city and become a secretary as she was offered, she may have been successful and gained wealth and happiness as Okekà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ did, however she refused because of her outstanding devotion to her family and further because it fits with the cultural tradition of women caring for their families, she did not eve n consider the proposal for a minute, which also shows that she, â€Å"knows her place†, and what is expected of her. Veronica plays a menial role in life, but she accepts it, as she plays a subservient role working for her father, never trying to achieve anything more as she believes that she neither has the capabilities or the reason to go to the city as she already has a role to play where she is, as carer for her family, and almost slave to her father. This is why she rejects the city that symbolises success, â€Å"Don’t talk foolishness† The key women in, â€Å"Veronica†, and, â€Å"The Gold Cadillac†, can be seen to have some very crucial similarities. It can be observed that both characters feel they have a very strong duty towards their families but furthermore are willing to sacrifice their own lives for the sake of these families. Veronica gave up the chance to lead a successful life in the city where she would achieve independence as she would break away from the chauvinistic society, â€Å"I leave that for others, my own place is here†. We can be assured that she does this for the sake of family by the use of, â€Å"I can’t just leave my family†, this again shows her strong sense of duty towards her family. The same can be observed in, â€Å"The Gold Cadillac†. The mother of the story, unlike the naive children, understands the dangerous racism of the south and the possibility that he may be in danger. We can see her feeling of duty towards the family through her willi ngness to risk her life and her daughters just to be with her husband so that they are all together, â€Å"the girls and I will be going with you†. There is a large contrast between this traditional African village life and the modern African town life. The reader is alerted of this contrast by the use of the different beliefs of the women in the Town, when compared to those living In the village who believe in the more traditional values, â€Å"God has blessed us with as son†, whereas the women in the village are far more, â€Å"materialistic†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ this is shown by the use of Adewale Maja-Pearce shocking Okekà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ who was brought up on traditional village beliefs, as he found that women were not as interested in him as a person, but for his money, â€Å"All the women I meet are only interested in my money and cars†. This contrast is also shown by Veronica, who believes in village traditions, when she responds to Okekà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, â€Å"I don’t believe you†, she cannot understand their views. Adewale Maja-Pearce includes this huge contrast between traditional African village life and modern African town life, so that she could separate the two characters. And show how Okekà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, who moved on with his life became successful in the wealth area, whereas Veronica who did not let go of what she was brought up on, found much misery, but was blessed with a son and a husband. Veronica found love. I think that Adewale Maja-Pearce was trying to stress that although cultures may seem unjust with their traditions from onlookers, who cannot understand them, that are in some aspects bad, represented by Veronicas father, where these cultures are represented in the story as the, â€Å"native village life†, can also please people with different moral beliefs, such as Veronica who did not desire material possessions, as these people’s cultures allow them find what they value, for veronica love and security with her own family, â€Å"He is a good man, god has blessed us with a son†. Whereas places of opportunity, represented by the use of the Town which Okekà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ moved to, provide liberation, that brings material success, such as wealth, however it may not bring true happiness, as in the case of Okekà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ who found career success, but did not succeed in love as he has no wife, â€Å"I have no wife†, â€Å"All the women I meet are only intereste d in money and cars†.

Global Managerial Economics in Mexico Research Paper

Global Managerial Economics in Mexico - Research Paper Example It required the company to purchase a large percentage of the raw materials for manufacturing the vehicles from Mexican-owned suppliers but now that is not the requirement. This means that Mexican-owned suppliers now miss out on the sales and income. Some view this as bad as more powerful countries become more sovereign (there will be an international sovereignty), jobs are reduced in "weaker" countries, and second and third world countries will have less power, income (businesses), etc. Globalization Debates (2000-2001) reports, "Politicians opposed to America's global influence and activists opposed to the inequities of oppressive global capitalism now portray globalization as dangerous. Globalization has thus become an issue in a wide-ranging global debate." Free trade limits states to operate domestically and protect their domestic welfare. These generous welfare states become less competitive. Culture is also lost. Global norms and practices take over what was originally known a s local and authentic. For example, western influence (such as America's way of doing things) becomes a global spread of what is popular and cultural homogeneity results. Some other losses include increased materialism and environmental problems.

Ascertaining Organizational Behaviour of Contracting Firms Based on Article - 1

Ascertaining Organizational Behaviour of Contracting Firms Based on the Impact of Cultural Factors - Article Example 124). Constructions companies modify their organisational behaviours on account of its employees’ cultures. Experts argue that the development of a strong organisational culture is essential to the overall success of an organisation. It is rather evident there is a strong connection between people’s cultures and the behaviour within organisations. In the European Union (EU), for instance, behaviour noted in successful construction firms is largely due to the continually nourished and healthy organisational culture that not only appreciates the cultural backgrounds of its workforce, but also upholds such cultural characteristics (Tomek 2011, p. 12). This is, for instance, done by abiding to culturally significant events within the organisation, as well as allowing all persons from different cultures to maintain their unique cultural identities (Gold, Malhotra and Segars 2001, p. 46). Persons of different ethnicities and races have distinctive cultural beliefs, behaviours and ceremonies. Different governments of the EU member states, as well as the EU body, have established definite regulations that protect various aspects of different cultures from interference by other persons or organisations (Toole 2011, p. 37). This means that a construction company in the EU must abide by these regulations or face litigation. The culture of Muslims is to conduct prayers up to five times in a day and go to the Mosque on Fridays. In order to maintain effective organisational structures and employee satisfaction, construction companies must uphold such cultural practices among their Muslim employees. This means the provision for ample time to Muslim employees to attend religious services and conduct prayers without undue hindrance from company management or other members of the workforce. It is of paramount importance to appreciate the kinds of behaviour culture has the utmost impact

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reflection - Essay Example Over the course of this semester, I have learned several skills, habits, and gained indispensable experiences in writing. In the beginning, my perception of writing was simply putting words on paper, and you are done. I have since learned that writing is not that simple, firstly it is a process, which consists of five stages. The first stage is prewriting, which involves gathering ideas for writing. Ideas are received through, reading, teacher motivation, the audience, voice, developing word banks and many more. Secondly, the rough draft stage follows, which a writing stage where ideas are put on paper. Consequently, the revising stage involves rearranging, modifying, adding, and deleting content and thus making the content appropriate to the audience. In this stage, the rough draft is improved. After the revising stage, follows the editing stage where the writer corrects grammatical errors and improves style and clarity. The final stage is going through the work to confirm everything is good and then submitting. I have always had a passion for writing, but taking this class exposed just how weak my writing and literary skills were. Consequently, I have polished these skills through several exercises that we have handled in class. For instance, through reading and summary exercise, I have managed to develop objectivity and accuracy regarding someone else’s work. As such, I have learnt to identify and concentrate on the main points when doing a summary. The reading, â€Å"Working at McDonalds,† for example, allowed me to develop and exercise these skills effectively thereby improving my writing abilities. Moreover, this class has taught me how recognize other people’s opinions presented in the literature, and thus, create my independent opinion either supporting or opposing another author’s ideas. As such, I have learned to construct a sound and coherent argument. Constructing a

Hitler's rise to power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hitler's rise to power - Essay Example The failure of Germany to pay war reparations would sometimes lead to military action. The Treaty of Versailles states in Article 232 that â€Å"The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Germany undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their property during the period of the belligerency† ("Reparation"). As the government began to print bills, hyperinflation wrecked the German economy. The Great Depression was a powerful event which indirectly led to the rise of Hitler. Hitler gained enormous public support following his trial after the failure of the Munich Putsch in 1923. He spent a few months in jail where he realized that the only way to gain power was to work inside the system. Also Hitler did not enjoy support from the German elite which also prevented his failure at that time. But by the 1930s, Hitler’s charismatic personality and speeches had won him the support of the German army and industrial sector. His book Mein Kampf became a blueprint for his ideology of hatred and racism. He lashed out at Jews, Social Democrats and Communists as being enemies of the German nation. In his book Hitler says that â€Å"In the meetings of those days, especially outside of Munich, there would be five, six, seven, and eight hundred adversaries to fifteen or sixteen National Socialists† (Hitler). He praises the bravery of the Nazi party against Socialist thugs â€Å"And it happened more than once that a handful of party comrades heroically fought their way to victory against a roaring, flailing Red majority† (Hitler). The Nazi party was banned in the late 1920s as it fell apart. Hitler’s amazing skills as a demagogue were crucial for the survival of the National Socialist Party. These skills also allowed him to rise into power as he addressed the crowds into hysteria. Hitler was a brilliant

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tombs for the Living, Tombs for the Dead - Essay Example Archeology, through  cultural-history archaeology, bioarcheaology, post-processual archaeology, mortuary archaeology, etc. presents various theories that aim for the â€Å"recovery, restoration† and surfacing of ancient cultures, and learning how they changed (Dannenfeldt 8). They also focus on learning about the ancient histories as well as studying their reflexivity. The research paper at hand focuses on addressing the question of whether the rituals of death are reflective of the living or the dead. Rituals of death, no matter which culture they belong to, are performed by the living for the dead; therefore, it can be construed that these rituals are reflective of both the living and the dead. The human thinking process and thoughts evolve as time goes by, thus new theories are developed, which seem to be able to fill the gap of disadvantages left by earlier theories. In the same way, there have been certain changes or movements in the train of thought of the archaeologic al theory, which have led to the discovery and development of different theories or disciplines of this study. These theories or disciplines, albeit differing in only some aspects from one another, have their own unique orientation and goals that further help in revealing mysteries regarding the people of the past. First among these comes the cultural-history archeological approach developed in the nineteenth century, which basically deals with elucidating why cultures were modified or adapted according to various beliefs, and it also aims to highlight historical particularism. During the 1960s, this approach was challenged through the approach called â€Å"New Archeology,† or processual archeology, and its focus was to make studies in a more scientific and anthropological manner, thus inculcating various scientific methods and statistical analysis such as hypothesis testing etc. However, two decades later, a new approach to archeological theory evolved and it questioned the impartiality and scientific positivism which were emphasized in the previous one. This was a post-modern movement and was known as post-processual archeology, and it believed in self-critical theories and reflexivity of various cultures. However, each approach has its own pitfalls and shortcomings and as of now, a perfect approach is yet to be discovered. Despite various shortcomings, it is these approaches and disciplines to archeology that enable one to understand the lifestyle, cultural beliefs, norms and traditions of his or her great ancestors. Such archeological disciplines include bioarcheology which aims to study about human cultures and their histories, and mortuary archeology which focuses on researching about funerary practices involved in various cultures, their beliefs about after life, etc. Thus, with the help of different aspects of archeology, man is able to know about ancient cultures, histories, traditions, ways of life, beliefs and practices of his great forefathe rs. Mortuary archeology presents a good question of whether the funerary rites, or the rituals of the dead, are actually for the living or for the dead. In a general context, every culture has its own funerary practices and rituals to honor the deceased, and some of them share similarities. Culture is one of the most important identities of man, and it is this culture that presents various values and traditions to be followed during the lifetime of the individual. In that sense, it is

Idealistic vs. Naturalistic Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Idealistic vs. Naturalistic Art - Essay Example In contrast, some artwork focuses more on depicting the naturalistic qualities of the subject. Artists do this in order to capture the raw emotion of the scene and give the viewer an accurate, unbiased image that reflects the reality of their time. People viewing the artwork can determine which type of art it is, idealistic or naturalistic, based on specific elements seen within the painting. During my visit to the Utah Museum of Fine arts, I chose two pieces of art that I believe show the difference between naturalistic and idealistic qualities. By examining the Equestrian Statue of Louis XIV by Jacques-Phillippe Bouchardon as an example of idealistic art and the painting "Preparation for Dinner" by James Taylor Harwood as an example of naturalistic art, it becomes easier to discuss the differences between these two painting styles. The Equestrian Statue of Louis XIV by Bouchardon now on display at the Utah Museum of Fine Arts is a reduction model of a seven-meter statue built by Fr ancois Girardon and installed in 1699 at the Place Louis-le-Grand in France, what is today the Place Vendome (Louvre). Converting that into American measurements, the original statue was almost 23 feet tall not counting its pedestal, which added another 10 meters or almost 33 feet. The original statue was built in 1685 when Louis XIV’s war minister created a new square in Paris and chose Girardon to sculpt a full-scale statue of the king. His choice of artist and his intentions for the square were mostly influenced by his desire to create a more magnificent square than that created to celebrate the king's earlier victories in the Dutch War of 1679 (Louvre). The large square in Paris was the perfect setting for such a marvelous statue of the king to stand. King Louis XIV holds the merit for being the longest reigning king in European history, governing for seventy-two years. Unfortunately, the original statue, which took two years to create, was destroyed in 1792 with the firs t wave of the French Revolutionary wars (Art Tribune), but several smaller models had been made. The sculpture has many idealistic qualities to it that aid in celebrating the royal image of king. For example, the piece shows Louis XIV as a Roman emperor, calling on the authority of the ancients to equate him with the heroes of the ages. He is shown wearing a contemporary curly wig and sitting atop a strong steed, further demonstrating his ties to authority and nobility. The quality of the horse is also intended to reflect on the quality of the man as the head of a wealthy and prosperous nation. Louis sits the horse without saddle or stirrups. This can have a few interpretations. First, it shows that the rider has enough grace and agility to be able to remain on the back of such a powerful horse without having to be buckled in place or hold on to some kind of strap. Second, it proves his mastery over all things in that he can presumably convince the horse to do what he wants with ver y little effort. The horse itself stands majestically in a walking position with one leg raised and one leg standing on the shield and sword of a defeated enemy. As a result, the artist has captured the king as an active participant in the wars he has led, shows the horse to be a warhorse (adding yet more prestige to the idea that the king is controlling him without stirrups), and demonstrates the king

Human Impacts on Climate Essay Example for Free

Human Impacts on Climate Essay Al Gore’s documentary An Inconvenient Truth is not only informative but an eye opener especially for those living in the United States. Today global warming is not an obscure phenomenon but a reality that is being faced by everyone from Africa to Australia. Mankind’s actions are now more than ever before are changing the climate of Earth. These actions lead to effects which combine with the natural occurrences which have been taking place in history. In addition evidence from scientific research shows that natural impacts alone cannot be blamed for the increase in the global surface temperatures recorded in the past century. Man’s effect on Earth’s climate has several consequences like: †¢ Escalating concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere †¢ Air pollution †¢ Concentration of airborne particles †¢ Changes in land geology The major problem is the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere cannot be compared historically as the levels today are much higher then ever before, the exception being when earth was hit by a meteorite etc. the changes and the increase in carbon dioxide have been witnessed since the modernization and industrialization which began in the 1700’s however the worst impact has been since fossil fuels were used excessively from the beginning of 1900 and this also led to change in the use of land. (American Geophysical Union) Al Gore, through statistics shows that there is a direct relationship between the rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the air and the increase in climatic temperatures. Historically the first impact of the human presence on Earth’s geographical and biological systems occurred about 8,000 years ago, when individuals began to systematically cultivate land for agricultural purposes. However the initial impact was not as severe or drastic as the one which occurred in the 1700s. The industrial revolution has been supported and encouraged by the values which have led to glorifying consumption and economic development. (American Geophysical Union) It is a fact that this planet is heating up because of the human society and the greenhouse gases produced. According to the both The National Academy of Sciences and the United Nation have come to the conclusion that there is a relationship between human actions and the temperature increases. (Clark 1013) According a joint statement by G8 in addition to China, India and Brazil, that stated that scientific evidence was quite remarkable and there was no way for the nations but to take actions to stop this destruction. (Clark 1013) The reality is that if people keep on emitting greenhouse gases at this rate, atmospheric temperatures will keep on increasing, and the effect will be felt for generations in future. According to   even strict actions like Kyoto Protocol may be able to control the increasing carbon dioxide after a centaury at the minimum. According to Clark (1013) Research on ice cores by Fedorov et al. (2005) detailing the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature going back more then 400, 000 years has displayed that there is a strong correlation between carbon dioxide and temperatures. Studies show that historically there was never a time when there was so much carbon dioxide as now in addition the increase in carbon dioxide concentration has increased most rapidly in the past hundred years or so. (Clark 1014) In a news report on National Geographic in February, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) very assertively linked the man’s actions being responsible for the global warming and other climatic changes like increase in sea levels, storms and changing weather patterns. The report quotes Achim Steiner, executive director of the United Nations Environment Program, comment that: â€Å"Fossil fuel use, agriculture, and land-use change are fundamentally affecting the systems on our planet† (Roach) What Al Gore has done is just point out the facts in a simple style through his documentary so that general s can understand what is happening and do something about this very significant problem. Works Cited Human Impacts on Climate. American Geophysical Union. Adopted by Council December, 2003. AGU Release 03-35. Retrieved May 1 2007

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN) 1. Abstract WAN Wide Area Network is a communication network that make use of existing technology to connect local area network into a larger working network which may cover both national and international location. Wide Area Network allows a company to make use of common resources in order to operate, internal functions such as sales, production, development, marketing and accounting can be shared with authorized locations through this sort of network application. So thats why it is so important today. In this paper, I am going to demonstrates the techniques required for computer network from technology, architecture, media, protocol and routing algorithm based on the OSI seven layer model. 2. Introduction Bambi Co., Ltd. decided to implement a Wide Area Network between their two site in two different countries. As the network engineer of the company, is responsible to study, plan, design and implementation of a Wide Area Network for connecting two sites local area network. The requirement by the company that made the WAN a necessity are enumerated. The choice of WAN, hardware and the software is explained within the context of the needs of the company. Finally the benefits accruing to the company are identified and determined. 3. Company Background Bambi Co., Ltd. has two sites located in two different countries. Site A, the main office which located in Hong Kong and Site B, a factory which located in Shenzhen, the mainland China. In Site A, there are around 10 client workstations and Site B around 40 client workstations. There are three servers located in Site A, they are the domain server, email server and content management server. Another domain server also located in Site B, it mainly provide the services for Shenzhen users. 4. User requirement 4.1 Functionality On most of the users, their main concern is application available from the network. This including the following matters: 4.1.1 Fast response time Response time is the time between entering a command or keystroke and the execution of the command deliver a response. For users on Bambi Co., Ltd. environment, response time is the response running application or access from/to the servers, transmission of information as well as access to Internet. 4.1.2 High throughput The throughput environment on the company can be expected to be high. It can be expected that the throughput usage on the network will involve many users frequently access to the server and also to the Internet at same time. 4.2 Scalability The WAN implementation is expected to be function for a minimum of 5 years without the needs of upgrade the network equipments or rewiring the horizontal or vertical cable. 4.3 Adaptability The WAN implementation must be flexible enough to meet the demand of ever-growing needs of technologies when they become available. It might included with newer switching technology, more secure or faster router incorporating with new routing protocols and etc. Therefore, the WAN solution should be modular which allow added or swapped new network equipment with a minimum of network downtime. 4.4 Security The information transfer must be protected through the WAN environment. This is very important as to prevent the company data from stolen from their competitors. 4.5 Manageability The WAN implementation must be manageable and able to monitor by the network administrator. 4.6 Reliability Reliability of the WAN is important. The WAN must include fault-tolerance function and elements to give the stability of the network to reduce any unnecessary network downtime. 5. WAN solution 5.1 Regional Private Network Service Provider: Pacnet Type: MPLS VPN Bandwidth: 2Mbps Description: Connect between Bambi Co., Ltd. Site A and B 5.1.1 Introducing of MPLS and architecture MPLS stands for Multiprotocol Label Switching. It has been around for several years. It is standardized by IETF. (The Internet Engineering Task Force) Why multiprotocol? Since at the OSI 7 layer model, it operates between the layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and the layer 3 (Network Layer), so it often view as a 2.5 layer protocol. Conventional data packets are routed based on IP address and other information in the header. MPLS simplifies the forwarding function by taking a total different approach by introducing a connection oriented mechanism inside the connectionless IP network. Label switching indicates that the packets switched are no longer IPv4 or IPv6 packets and even Layer 2 frames when switched, but they are labeled. Below showing the MPLS header format. First 20-bits: Label value 20 22 bits: Three Experimental (EXP) bits, use for quality of service (QoS) 23 bit: Bottom of Stack (Bos) bit, 1 for bottom label, 0 otherwise 24 to 31 bits: Time To Live (TTL) 5.1.2 MPLS components and operation MPLS network comprise the following elements: Label Edge Router (LER): Router placed at the edge of the MPLS network Label Switching Router (LSR): MPLS capable router Label Switch Path (LSP): An ordered sequence of LSRs Label Distribution Protocol (LDP): Set of procedures by which LSRs establish LSPs In MPLS network, an optimal path is firstly determine and tag. When packets enter the MPLS network, the input router and switch uses the layer 3 header to assign the packets to one of this predetermine path. MPLS using a label stacking process to better handle the traffic. A label is attached to the end to end path information in the packet. The label together with the data packet as it cross the network. All other routers along the path use the label to determine the next hop address instead of the IP address. Since this device only operates on the information in the label, processor-intensive analysis and classification of the layer 3 header occur only at the entrance to the network. This remove much of the overhead used in the network and therefore, speed up the overall processing of data. 5.1.3 MPLS Protocols MPLS use 2 protocols to establish the LSP, they are: MPLS Routing protocol Distribute topology information only. Interior gateway protocol such as OSPF, IS-, BGP-4 is normally use. MPLS Signaling protocol Information for program the switching fabric. RSVP-TE and LDP is used. 5.1.4 MPLS VPN MPLS Virtual Private Networks (VPN) is the most popular and widespread implementation of MPLS technology. A VPN provide communication at OSI layer 2 or 3. VPN is protected by strong encryption. In general, the data travel across the VPN is not visible and encapsulated. MPLS is well suited for VPN because of its characteristics. 5.2 Internet Connection Service Provider: Pacnet Type: SHDSL Bandwidth: 4Mbps downstream/4Mbps upstream Description: Applied at Site A. By the way, the WAN connection will be allowed the Internet share with Site B office. In order to fulfill both sites demand, Single High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (SHDSL) has chosen. SHDSL is one of the DSL family technology. Similar with other SDSL service, the upstream and downstream data rates are equal. One of its advantage of SHDSL is its high symmetric data rates with guaranteed bandwidth and low interference. In Bambi Co., Ltd. a 4M/4M speed line is using for their Internet connection. 6. Ethernet Standard CAT 6 (Category 6) twisted-pair UTP is using under Bambi Co., Ltd. LAN environment. Its Gigabit Ethernet cable standard which bandwidth up to 400MHz and over a range of 100 m. It meet up the ANSI/TIA-568-B.2-1 performance specification. 7. Network Environment Overview 7.1 Entire Network Diagram 7.2 Hardware/Software description 7.3 Network configuration 7.3.1 Protocol and LAN segments With the popularity of the Internet, TCP/IP become the most popular protocol. In Bambi Co., Ltd. only TCP/IP protocol allowed to be implement on the network environment. All servers and desktop PCs located on Site A and B will have static addresses, while notebook PCs will obtain addresses by utilizing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). IPv4 will be chosen as the type. Compare with IPv6, IPv4 had been around for many years, there are much more hardware and software supports. 8. Security The following is the security arrangement for protect companys data: 8.1 Authentication Each staff sign an individual login id for access their workstation and server resource like the email. The password establishes complexity level with minimum length of 5 characters. The password will enforce change every 3 months. 8.2 Authorization Only some authorize staffs with Internet connection. This prevent the data disclose by FTP, web mail or any online storage. 8.3 Audit The email server is able to keep logging which allow the administrative staff trace whether any company important data disclose by email. 8.4 Monitor The firewall and switch are able to monitor the network for suspicious activity. For example, if the firewall detect heavy traffic or overload session, it will send email alert to the network administrator. 8.5 Virus Protection Some kind of computer virus will steal infected computers data. So every servers and client workstations has install a memory resident antivirus software for protection. The UMT firewall also provide gateway antivirus function which prevent virus from the layer 2 level. 8.6 Encryption The MPLS VPN deployed to be high security network tunnel. The data transmit between site A and B office with strong encryption. 9. Conclusion In the user requirement chapter, 6 requirements were outlined. We summarize the benefits from applying the MPLS as below: 9.1 Functionality No performance bottleneck of CPE VPN devices Reduced network latency Guaranteed SLA (Service level agreement) for time critical applications Supports the delivery of services with QoS (Quality of service) guarantees 9.2 Scalability Highly scalable since no site to site peering is required and reconfiguration of VPN devices. 9.3 Adaptability Multiple connection type and bandwidth selection (e.g. ATM, Metro Ethernet, Broadband, etc.) 9.4 Security Private network completely isolated from Internet. 9.5 Manageability Customer is able to complete control their own routing. 9.6 Reliability Enable fast restoration from failures The network design presented here meets all those objectives. Both for today and in the future. 10. Reference Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A. and Callon, R. (2001) Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture, IETF Documents, [Online] Available from: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3031, [accessed on 07/03/10] PACNET 2010: Pacnet Domestic IP VPN Available on: http://hk.pacnet.com/network/domestic-ip-vpn/, [accessed on 13/03/10] Bates, R. (2002) Broadband Telecommunications Handbook. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Professional, Columbus. Guichard, B. PepeInjak, I. and Apcar, J. (2003) MPLS and VPN Architectures, Volume II. Cisco Press, Indiana. Ghein, L. (2007) MPLS Fundamentals. Cisco Press, Indiana. Jamison, S. Cardarelli, M. and Hanley, S. (2007) Essential SharePoint 2007. Pearson Education, Inc., Boston.

Solving the Redundancy Allocation Problem using Tabu Search

Solving the Redundancy Allocation Problem using Tabu Search Efficiently Solving the Redundancy Allocation Problem using Tabu Search Abstract The redundancy allocation problem is a common and extensively studied program involving system design, reliability engineering and operations research. There is an ever increasing need to find efficient solutions to this reliability optimization problem because many telecommunications (and other) systems are becoming more complex while the development schedules are limited. To provide solutions to this, a tabu search meta-heuristic has been developed and successfully. Tabu search is a perfect solution to this problem as it has a lot of advantages compared to alternative methods. Tabu search can be used for more complex problem domain compared to the mathematical programming methods. Tabu search is more efficient than the population based search methodologies such as genetic algorithms. In this paper, Tabu search is used on three different problems in comparison to the integer programming and genetic algorithm solutions and the results show that tabu search has more benefits while sol ving these problems. INTRODUCTION of Articles Redundancy allocation problem(RAP) is a popular and a complex reliability design problem. The problem has been solved using different optimization approaches. Tabu search(TS) has more advantages over the other approaches but has not been tested for its effectiveness. In this paper a TS is used to solve a problem, called TSRAP, and the results are compared to the other approaches. The RAP is used for designs that have large assemblies and are manufactured using off-the shelf components and also have high reliability requirements. Solutions to the RAP problem has the optimal combination of component selections. Mathematical programming techniques have proven to be successful in finding solutions to these problems. Unfortunately, these problems have some constraints which are necessary for the optimization process but not for the actual engineering design process. Genetic Algorithms have proven to be a better alternative to the mathematical programming technique and has provided excellent results. Despite this, genetic algorithms is a population based search requiring the evaluation of multiple prospective solutions because of which a more efficient approach to this problem is desired. TS is an alternative to these optimization methods that has been optimized by GA. Its a simple solution technique that proceeds through successive iterations by considering neighboring moves. In this paper the TS method is used on three different problems and the results are compared with the alternate optimization methods. TS is not like GA, which is population based, instead it successively moves from solution to solution. This helps increase the efficiency of the method. The most commonly studied design configuration for RAP is the series parallel problem. The example of the design is shown below. Nomenclature R(t, x) = system reliability at time t, depending on x; xij = quantity of the jth available component used in subsystem i; mi = number of available components for subsystem i; s = number of subsystems; nmax,i = ni à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ nmax,ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€š ¬i; C(x) = system cost as a function of x; W(x) = system weight as a function of x; C, W, R = system-level constraint limits for cost,weight, and reliability; k = minimum number of operating components required for subsystem; ÃŽÂ »ij = parameter for exponential distribution, fij(t) = ÃŽÂ »ij exp(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ijt); Fj = feasible solutions contained on the tabu list; Tj = total number of solutions on the tabu list; à Ã‚ j = feasibility ratio, à Ã‚ j = Fj/Tj . Explanation of the work presented in journal articles The RAP function can be formulated with system reliability as the objective function or in the constraint set. Problem(p1) maximizes the system reliability and problem(p2) maximizes the system cost. The TS requires determination of a tabu list of unavailable moves as it successively proceeds from one step to another. For the series parallel system, the encoding is a permutation code of size à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi=1 s nmax, I representing the list of components in each subsystem including nonused components. The tabu list length is reset every 20 iterations to an integer value distributed uniformly between [s, 3s] and [14s,18s] for Problems (P1) (s = 14) and (P2) (s = 2), respectively. TSRAP is done through four steps. The first step involves generating a feasible random initial solution. S integers are chosen from the discrete uniform distribution, representing the number of components in parallel for each subsystem. Using this procedure, a solution is produced with an average number of components per subsystem. It becomes the initial solution if feasible, else the whole process is repeated. The second step checks for possible defined moves for each subsystem in the neighborhood. The TSRAP that allows component mixing within the subsystem allows for its first move to change the number of a particular component type by adding or subtracting one. The TSRAP that does not allow component mixing involves changing the number of components by adding or subtracting one for all individual subsystems. These moves are advantageous as they do not require re-calculation of the entire system reliability. The best among the two types of moves that are performed independently are selected. The selected move is the best move available, hence it is called best move. If the solution is TABU and the solution is not better than the best so far solution then it is disallowed and step 1 is repeated, else it is accepted. The third step involves updating the Tabu list. To check for the feasibility of an entry in the Tabu list, the system cost and weight are stored with the subsystem structure involved in the move within the tabu list. The fourth and the final step is checking for the stopping criterion. It is the maximum number of iterations without finding an improvement in the best feasible so far. When reached at a solution, the search is completed and the best feasible so far is the is the TSRAP recommended solution. An adaptive penalty method has been developed for problems solved by TS as they prove to give better solutions. The objective function for the infeasible solution is penalized by using subtractive or additive penalty function. A light penalty is imposed on the infeasible solutions within the NFT region( Near Feasible Treshold) and heavily penalized beyond it. The penalized objective function is based on the unpenalized objective function, the degree of infeasibility and information from the TS short-term and long-term memory. The objective function is for problem 1: Rp(to;x) is the penalized objective function. The un penalized system reliability of the best solution so far is represented by Rall and Rfeas represents the system reliability of the best feasible solution found so far. If Rall and Rfeas are equal or close to each other in value then the search continues, else if Rall is greater then Rfeas, there is a difficulty in finding the feasible solutions and the penalty is made larger to filter the search into the feasible region. Similarly, the objective function for problem 2 is: Cp(x) is the penalized objective function. Call is the unpenalized (feasible or infeasible) system cost of the best solution found so far, and Cfeas is the system cost of the best feasible solution found so far. Discussion of Contributions The most important contribution is that as a result of this paper it is now proved that the Tabu search is a more efficient method that the mathematical programming technique and the genetic algorithms. The penalization method was used which proved to give better results too. As a result of this paper, complex problem domains can now be optimized better using the Tabu search. As a result of this paper, weve come to realize that TSRAP is better in performance and results in greater efficiency than GA although they are almost similar in procedures. Due to the short schedules to find the optimal solution for complex redundancy allocation problems, Tabu search is found to be the most efficient approach. Discussion of Dificiency and Potential Improvements Although an unexploited approach to find the optimal solution has been tried and tested to be efficient, there is potential for future scope. In this paper , the TS approach used is rather simple in a way that few factors that could have been were not incorporated. Features that are normally used such as candidate lists and long term memory strategies which prove to be more effective were not used. The use of these features can prove to be more efficient in complex problems. There are opportunities for improved effectiveness and efficiency by considering the addition of these features to the TS devised  here. Summary TS has previously been demonstrated to be a successful optimization approach for many diverse problem domains. So, TS approach , as a result of this paper has been tried and tested to be more efficient approach to the complex problems domain of the redundancy allocation problem. The use of penalty function in this research has promoted the search in the infeasible region by changing the NFT. In this paper, TS has been tested in three different problems and has provided more efficient results than the other alternative methods. When compared, the TS produces better results than the genetic algorithm method. In spite of this, the use of features such as candidate lists and long term memory strategies could have been to be more effective in complex problem domains. References Bellman, R.E. and Dreyfus, E. (1962) Applied Dynamic Programming,  Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Bland, J.A. (1998a) Memory-based technique for optimal structural design.  Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 11(3), 319-  325. Bland, J.A. (1998b) Structural design optimization with reliability constraints  using tabu search. Engineering Optimization, 30(1), 55-74. Brooks, R.R., Iyengar, S.S. and Rai, S. (1997) Minimizing cost of redundant  sensor-systems with non-monotone and monotone search  algorithms, in Proceedings of the Annual Reliability and Maintainability  Symposium, IEEE, New York, pp. 307-313. Bulfin, R.L. and Liu, C.Y. (1985) Optimal allocation of redundant components  for large systems. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 34, 241-247. Chern, M.S. (1992) On the computational complexity of reliability redundancy  allocation in a series system. Operations Research Letters,11, 309-315.  

Medieval Art in a Modern World Essay -- Essays Papers

Medieval Art in a Modern World When I was looking at different works of art from the Middle Ages in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (medieval wing), one in particular caught my attention. Entitled â€Å"Plaque with the Crucifixion and the Stabbing of Hades,† this piece embodies life and death, triumph and defeat, divinity and humanity. Carved in ivory, this plaque, depicting the Passion of Christ with an allusion to Hades (god of the underworld), is from the mid-tenth century, or Middle Byzantine era, and was made in Constantinople. The plaque depicts the death of Christ as a triumph over Hades and thus presents a victory for man’s salvation. Centered in the plaque is Christ’s limp body, his head hanging low to the right, arms outstretched, and knees slightly bent. On the left side of the plaque is Mary, Jesus’ mother, mourning the death of her son, the Messiah. On the other side is John the Baptist, also in mourning. Beneath Christ’s feet are three Roman soldiers, shown dividing his garment. Mary, John, and the soldiers are many times portrayed as the main witnesses of Jesus’ suffering for his mercy on humanity. To the immediate left and right of Christ are two angels waiting to escort their Lord back to heaven. Its title is self-descriptive. The plaque itself is intense in representation and represents more generally the religious devotion present in the medieval period. Since Christianity was a very large part of medieval society, the Crucifixion was a central theme in Go...

Citigroup Inc. :: Business, Global Bank

This reflection paper analyzes Citigroup Inc’s initiatives to set funds aside for executives’ performance pay, how they are interacting with the media, and business tools that could improve the transparency of their compensation system. Citigroup is a global bank with its headquarters in New York, NY (Citigroup, Inc., 2011). Citigroup received a U.S. government bailout two years ago (Hester, 2009) and has been operating strongly since then. This June Citigroup announced that it will be putting 86 million for the quarter into paying bonuses to key executives. The announcement was made by Citigroup’s company spokesman Jon Diat (Scheer & Eichenbaum, 2011). The mandatory regulatory filing was filled out to where it addresses the possible recipients of the bonuses as merely ‘key’ employees—no names were given and the number of possible recipients was withheld as classified information (Scheer & Eichenbaum, 2011). A few possible recipient names were revealed to the media. Citigroup’s (Citi) compensation beliefs are good because they understand that executives need to be financially recognized for their achievements. The following quote is an example of how companies can fail to financially recognize employee’s achievements. â€Å"An employer may not fire a worker if this would violate an implied contract, such as a verbal promise, or basic rules of ‘fair dealing.’ For example, an employer could not legally fire a salesperson just because he or she had earned a bigger bonus under an incentive program than the employer wanted to pay† (Lawrence & Weber, p. 369, 2011). The quote above explains how a company can set up a compensation system and then fire employees that successfully reach the top pay within that compensation system. Executives may experience similar treatment from stockholders, with the exception that stockholders do not create the compensation system. Stockholders can exude massive public ridicule. If a corporation accepts the criticism of stockholders and organizations they may be viewed as wanting to fire the executive that has accomplished preset goals. Citi is keeping the some of the profit-sharing candidates’ names confidential. An important aspect of protecting the interest of stockholders is to keep the company as transparent as possible (Lawrence & Weber, 2011). Citi should reveal all names of the executives that may earn bonuses from the profit-sharing programs. Investors may want to know about who is and is not a part of the profit-sharing program; they may also want to know why the participants’ names are being kept confidential.

12 Principles

There are 12 basic principles to Information Security. The first principle is that there is no such thing as absolute security. What this means is that with the correct tolls, skills and time anyone can hack into a system. The second principle are the three security goals, which are C. I. A; Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. What this means is that everyone must consider what data they want to be protected.It also means that one must be sure as to whom they want to access this information and when they should access this information. The third principle is when a company is protecting their data with armed guards, cameras, safes and secured passwords. This principle is called Defense In Depth. The fourth principle is when people are left alone they tend to make the worst decisions. Function and Requirements is the fifth principle for information security.Function details what the system should be doing and the assurance requirements describe how the functions should be imp lemented. The following two questions should be asked when this principle comes into play; does the system do the right thing? Does the system do the right things and in the right way. The sixth principle is that Security through Obscurity is Not an Answer. This principle simply means that if you believe that hiding information can prevent hackers from hacking into your system then you are mistaken.By misleading anyone into a sense of false security is more detrimental than anything. Risk Management is the seventh principle. Its’ simple to understand this principle, what is the consequence of this loss and would this loss occur again. The eight principles are preventative, detective and responsive controls. Take the steps to detect the threat, prevent it and lastly respond while the threat is occurring or after. What this means is that it will detect the threat, try to prevent the threat from happening.Complexity is The Enemy of Security is the ninth principle, this means tha t the more interfacing with programs the more difficult it becomes to protect the data. The tenth principle is that fear, uncertainty and doubt do not when trying to use scare tactics when selling products for security. No one will by products if they feel they are extremely scared. Now a days companies want to know what they are purchasing and why they should be so fearful. The eleventh principle is that people, process, and technology are all needed to adequately secure a system or facility.This means that in order for everything to work correctly we should not base all operation solely off of technology but on the people in takes to run and process the information. This process helps to ensure that everything runs smoothly. The last principle is Open disclosures of Vulnerabilities is Good for Security, which means that by letting everyone know what can be hacked into can let the companies know what measures need to be taken to ensure that it does not happen again. If it were clos ed off to the world then problems that arise would never be fixed or maintained.

Case Study: Jollibee Foods Corporation Essay

Problem Statement: The newly appointed head of International division Mr Manolo .P. Tingzon is pondering into three key opportunities that the firm Jollibee Food Corporation facing whether to enter the small PNG(Papua New Guinea) market where it will be a first mover, to expand into Hong Kong where is an existing base but the local people doesn’t like Jollibee’s Philippines-based fast food model, and a proposal to share the huge benefit in U.S. market by establishing an operation in California. Objectives: 1. Keep the original business model: franchising 2. Maintaining Marketing investment in building image (symbolization) 3. Local market penetration with strong local brands 4. Highly customer responsiveness 5. Maintain customer value and loyalty 6. Establishing the commercial spots in foreign countries Alternatives: 1. Market entry strategies such as Franchising, Alliances, Joint ventures, Wholly owned subsidiaries 2. Substantive growth strategies: Horizontal and vertical integration strategies 3. Limited growth strategies: Do nothing, Market penetration strategies 4. Retrenchment strategies: Retrenchment, Turnaround strategies Consequences of Alternatives: When analyzing the case study it is clear that Jollibee Inc. has higher pressure to respond to local wishes in Philippines due to the entry of global giants like McDonalds. This is due to the fact that Jollibee had a strong presence in Philippines but at the same it should tackle the adaptation pressure from McDonalds. This is also supported by the fact that Jollibee was franchising their brand to foreign countries on very strict terms which do not allow any changes to the menu. And we can use the goals including Keep the original business model: franchising, Maintaining Marketing investment in building image (symbolization), Local market penetration with strong local brands, Highly customer responsiveness, Maintain customer value and loyalty and Establishing the commercial spots in foreign countries with the four strategy (Market entry strategies, Substantive growth strategies, Limited growth strategies and Retrenchment strategies to established the table 1. Tradeoffs/ Analysis of Alternatives: Tingzon’s decision can based on the table 2 shows below, it can be seen clearly that the Substantive growth strategies (Horizontal and vertical integration strategies) has the highly scores. Because Jollibee entering the markets without any clear cut idea, since Mr. Kitchner strongly believe in gaining the first mover advantage, Jollibee is expanding into the markets where the competitors little are no presence, to â€Å"plant the flag† without any long term perspectives. The company’s strategy can be more identified with the international strategy where the locus of power lies with the parent company in the Philippines. With much of happening in the international arena too. After Kitchners got hired, he encouraged localization by separating international business completely from the domestic ones. Recommendations: Papua New Guinea As evident from the data given in the case, it is quite evident that the company is having immense opportunities in Papua New Guinea. As the market there is untapped and the only competitor there is an unorganized and unprofessional local company, Jollibee can literally get a first mover advantage, therefore JFC must choose the Horizontal and vertical integration strategy. Hong Kong Currently all the three stores established in Hong Kong are facing lot of management issues as mentioned in the problem statement hence it is required that first this management issues must be sorted out rather than putting additional resources in expansion plans California The company has to start with focusing on both the Filipinos as well as local people and design the menu that would help maintaining the brand identity along with catering to the local interests. To put it simple and straight, Company needs to adapt a trans-national strategy.

Drive by daniel pink

The Puzzling Puzzles of Harry Harlow and Edward Deci Drive offers a new way to think about motivation. Most of what businesses, governments, and nonprofit organizations assume about human behavior, particularly about what motivates us, is wrong. Short-term incentives and pay-for-performance schemes come from outdated assumptions that favor external motivations (i. e. , rewards and punishments for behaving a particular way) overintrinsic motivations (i. e. , the Joy that comes from completing a task).Organizations that rely on external rewards and punishments do so at their peril. In two separate studies, psychologists Harry Harlow and Edward Deci found that external motivations negativelyimpacted performance for non-routine tasks. Although Harlow and Deci's results were robust, they were controversial and ignored. In the book, Drive, Dan Pink argues that it's time to get rid of the old operating system and replace it with a more scientifically accurate understanding of human behavior . Drive, is organized into three parts. Part One reveals how external motivations (a. . a. , carrot-and-stick incentives) can do more harm than good, except in tasks that have straightforward solutions and that equire adherence to a simple set of rules. It's time organizations move to a new mindset that embraces what Dan Pink calls Type I behavior (i. e. , behavior fueled by the inherent satisfaction of the task itself). Part Two examines the three building blocks of Type I behavior: autonomy (i. e. , our desire to be self-directed), mastery (i. e. , our urge to make progress and get better at what we do), and purpose (i. e. our yearning to contribute and to be part of something greater than ourselves).

Financial Planning Essay

To inform the audience about how small sacrifices today can result in huge dividends in retirement. Thesis: Today I will inform the audience of the power of saving small amounts of money for the future and how compound interest works in their favor when they start saving as soon as possible. Organizational Pattern: Topical Introduction A. Attention Getter Who wants to be a millionaire? You can be!!! Social Security will very likely NOT be available to people currently younger than 40 and if it does survive will not be a significant amount to live on. How we prepare NOW can determine whether we are world travelers or Walmart greeters. C. Credibility My father impressed upon me the need for financial planning. I began saving when I first started working at 17 and have benefitted greatly. D. Thesis Today I will show how anyone can have a rewarding future by making small and often unnoticed sacrifices currently. E. Preview Specifically, I will discuss retirement saving strategies including 401K matching programs from employees and IRA’s. Transition First I will discuss the expediency of saving at an early age. I. Body A. When to start saving for retirement? 1. The earlier the better. Due to the exponential nature of compound interest the longer the money remains the more significant the growth 2. It’s never too late to start saving for retirement. The problem is the longer you wait the more impact on your budget due to having to save a higher percentage of your current income. If you start saving early your impact is minimized greatly. Transition Next, I will discuss the various ways to save for retirement. 1. 401K plans offer you the chance to deduct monies from your paycheck either before taxes are deducted or afterward. Each option has tax 2. advantages but their impact is geared toward current tax savings or tax savings during retirement. The real opportunity in 401K is the employee match program where your employer invests the same amount into your account, usually up to a certain percentage. . Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) are another way to save for retirement. They can be used independently or in conjunction with a 401K plan. Funds are deposited after taxes have been withheld so there is no tax due upon withdrawal in retirement. IRA contributions can be withdrawn without penalty if you face a financial hardship such as losing your home or significant medical bills. Transition My final point is a strategy that can meet your goal while minimizing impact on your current lifestyle. 1. Many of you are working toward new careers and excited about that first REAL paycheck. 2. If you â€Å"forget† about the percentage of your check that is going into the 401K and structure your budget on the remaining amount you will find saving easy and rewarding. 3. Begin with 3% of your pay going into retirement savings. Each raise/promotion you get increase it by 1% until you have reached your employer’s maximum match rate. Then add the 1% into an IRA until you have reached the percentage that results in your desired retirement account. I have discussed when to start saving for retirement, various ways to save as well as methods for minimizing the impact on your current budget. B. I trust that now you are more informed about the rewards available in the future when you start saving now and have obtained information about ways to achieve your goals. References Ira online resource guide.

Does the european union need a constitution Essay

Does the european union need a constitution - Essay Example However, the bigger picture is, will it be integrative of them as one whole body A constitution must serve the best interests not just one or a few member states. Devanny (2004) says the debate about whether the EU should adopt a constitution has been protracted and controversial. It is both a practical debate (Does the EU need a constitution) and a more abstract debate (Is the EU the kind of entity/organisation that should adopt a constitution). According to Murkens (2002), the European Union leaders at the Laeken summit in December 2001 had agreed to a constitutional convention headed by the former French President Valry Giscard D'Estaing to craft an EU constitution. And yet, the European Court of Justice (ECJ), the German Federal Constitutional Court, and academic commentators say the founding treaties already form a constitution. From Murkens (2002) - "In its famous decision in Van Gend en Loos in 1963 the ECJ held that the Treaty of Rome had created a Community not only of governments but of peoples, and that the Member States had agreed to limit their sovereign rights in certain fields. A year later the ECJ established the doctrine of supremacy of Community law in Costa v. ENEL which was basically accepted by national constitutional courts. These decisions heralded the 'creeping constitutionalisation' of Community law. The novelty of the ECJ's approach was that it did not try to squeeze the Treaty into the constitutional mould of the Verfassungsstaat. More important than the 'formal constitution' was the interpretation of the Treaty by the ECJ as the 'material constitution' (Petersmann 1991: 28), whose basic tenets include the doctrines of direct effect, supremacy, and implied powers, as well as respect for human rights." The arguments for and against an EU constitution rest on complicated issues of law, sovereignty, political philosophy and the efficiency and effectiveness of the EU's institutions and procedures (Murkens 2002). At the June 2004 European Council meeting, governments of the 25 EU member states signed a constitutional treaty for the European Union (Closa 2004). Intended to include voices not usually heard in the European integration process, this treaty was drafted by a "Convention on the Future of Europe." From there, member state governments negotiated on the draft that eventually produced a treaty (Ibid). But the process is far from over. It has just entered its final and perhaps most difficult phase. According to Closa (2004), the text must be ratified unanimously by the member states, each according to its own national process, but there are uncertainties that may spell disaster for the future of European integration (Ibid). II. From treaties to Constitution A timeline (History, Wikipedia 2005) shows the development of seven treaties into EU constitution from 1952 to 2003 to include - 1952: Treaty of Paris, 1958: Treaties of Rome, 1967: Merger Treaty, 1987: Single European Act, 1993: Treaty of Maastricht, 1999: Treaty of Amsterdam, and 2003: Treaty of Nice. The European Constitution is being hoped to be enacted in the soonest future. The three pillars are: 1) the European Communities (the European Coal and Steel Community or ECSC which came about in 1952; the European Community or EC which came around in 1958; the European Atomic

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drama - Essay Example The film also reflects how Mozart constantly challenged traditional musical conventions. He did this in his choice of subject matter, which often introduced ideas that seemed lewd and vulgar to the upper elite, but that is not such a shock to today’s audience. The film brings this shock-factor out by focusing on Mozart’s sometimes bizarre behavior and outlandish outfits. For example, he is very dramatic in his staging of Figaro. He emphasizes the emotional qualities of the story, but is told music does not entertain. Accepted wisdom held that the purpose of music is to make the listener think and to bring his thinking closer to God. Yet, this is exactly what Mozart’s music does for Salieri, â€Å"God was singing to all the world of perfect absolution.† Throughout the film, lighting and costuming show Mozart to be seeking ways of being different. However, it is the music that drives the audience. This is emphasized by Salieri’s reverent descriptions, â€Å"replace one note and it would be diminished, displace one phrase and the structure would fall. Here again was the very voice of God.† Even the darkest music presented in the film, the final scene of Don Giovanni, is presented as a heavenly voice and drives

Horseradish peroxidase assay Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Horseradish peroxidase assay - Lab Report Example For each enzyme there is a small of range of pH within which it works optimally. Enzymes have  active sites in their structures. The active site is the part of the enzyme that has the correct shape and the functional groups required to bind to the substrate (Dunford, 1999). Enzyme activity can be measured in any one of these two ways: observing the rate at which the substrate disappears during a reaction or measuring the rate at which the product is formed. Enzyme assays are used in such measurements. There are two methods that have been developed for use in measuring the amount of substrates or products in a chemical reaction: continuous and fixed-timed assays. Continuous assay make use of a spectrophotometer to measure the rates at which the substrate disappears and products form in real-time (Leskovac, 2003). To measure the peroxidase activity a change in the amount of product formed will be evaluated over time. For the breakdown of peroxide by peroxidase, the simplest molecule that can be measured is O2 gas, the product of the decomposition of peroxide. To accomplish this the real volume of O2 gas produced is measured by use of an indicator. For this experiment an indicator (pyrogallol) that shows the presence of O2 gas will be used (Dunford, 2010). 2.50 cm3, 0.35 cm3, 0.10 cm3, and 0.35 cm3 of deionized water, buffer solution (at a pH of 6.0), hydrogen peroxide, and pyrogallol respectively were pipetted into two separate cuvettes labelled Cuvette 1 and Cuvette 2. The contents of the cuvettes were then mixed well using a small glass rod. The spectrophotometer was set to 420 nm after which Cuvette 1 was placed into it. 0.1 ml of the buffer solution was added to the cuvette and then stirred using a small glass rod. The readings of the spectrophotometer were recorded every 10 seconds for 5 minutes. Cuvette 2 (blank) was placed into the spectrophotometer. 0.1 ml of

Comments on BP 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comments on BP 3 - Essay Example The company will outsource some of its operations and will enter into a contract with the website development company in order to come up with attractive website. The team has effectively defined and elaborated all important elements and processed involved in the operation and transaction. The team has also included the elements of customer service and customer relationship management in order to make sure that the high customer value is provided to all customers. The company will also use social media techniques in order to market and promote the website and attract more traffic. The business model of the company is bit complicated as it involves several virtual links and partners. But the business model canvas provided by the team in the appendix has made it easier to comprehend the complete links and connections among all important partners and also has explained clearly how the business will operate. Lastly, the team has been able to calculate the cost behind the whole business model and has included all important costs and expenses in order to come up with more realistic figures. The major strength of this business plan is the testing of the product at the target market before launching it. This will allow the company to come up with the final product which accords with the needs and demands of the customers and there will be relatively less chances of rejection or failure. All the feedbacks and comments generated as a result of this pre-launch testing will be used by the company in order to improve the final product. This testing also allowed the company to identify the most profitable target segment. The company relies on heavy input from the customers and devises strategies accordingly. This, in turn, will allow increasing the customers’ satisfaction and attracting more customers. The main idea behind the whole business is to provide the eating products to the customers on mobile trucks and vehicles. This will allow the company

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror - Essay Example 67). In fact, habeas corpus has proved to be much of a political tool as it is a tool of the law. Generally, habeas corpus is the all-important right the constitution gives to people in the USA; a judicial authorization for prisoners to appear before a court of law for the determination of the legality of their detention by the government. (Doyle, 2006, P. 26) In other terms, such detainees or their representative have the right to petition the court for such summon. Though there are instances when the constitution allows for the suspension of habeas corpus, certain unlawful suspensions have been recorded in the history of the US. A case in which habeas corpus may be constitutionally suspended is during a rebellion or an invasion of public security/safety. Illustrations of the instances in which habeas corpus was suspended include during the fight against the Ku Klux Klan in parts of South Carolina, and during the War on Terror. Current studies on habeas corpus have shifted from the traditional judicial view of habeas corpus to the more recent political view of the subject. In fact, these political views and studies on habeas corpus emphasize the role and effects of the president, the congress, political parties, federal/state governments, legal academics, and interest groups (Fisher, 2003, P. 119). These politically oriented studies, for example, have looked into how political parties and the congress have used and suspended the habeas corpus to establish and enforce their opinions on constitutional governance and to undo the legacies of predecessor congresses and governments. This paper explores the habeas corpus with regards to its meaning, history, and applicability in the war on terror, in the Supreme Court, by the Congress, by the president, its use to protect civil liberties, and its suspension since historical times. The Meaning and the Historical Evolution of Habeas Corpus As mentioned earlier, writ of habeas corpus refers to a legally implementable or der by a court of law to a law enforcement or prison official demanding that a detainee be presented before the court for the determination of the lawfulness of the detention/imprisonment (Irons, 1999, P. 13). Habeas corpus thus helps in determining whether a detainee or a prisoner should continue to be detained or imprisoned. The petition must however prove that the detention in question has a legal or factual fault. The right of habeas corpus is thus a constitutional right bestowed on an individual who must show evidences of a wrongful imprisonment in a court of law. Initially, there was a wrong notion that habeas corpus has its origin in the 17th century Magna Charter, which declared that no free man should be imprisoned or have his freedom, liberties, customs banned, exiled, shattered, or shortened without lawful judgment according to the laws of the land or by the judgment of his/her peers (Irons, 1999, P. 19). The origin of habeas corpus in the 17th century has however been di sputed by historians who opine that habeas corpus was first recorded in 1305 during the reign of King Edward I of England. In fact, other sources state that habeas corpus first appeared in the 12th century and were issued by King Henry II. The basis of these earlier writs was that the King would be held responsible for any suspension or restraining of citizen’s liberties. The King was also responsible for deciding when such

A proposal for company market expansion scheduled for completion by Research Paper

A proposal for company market expansion scheduled for completion by 2023 - Research Paper Example It is an American company with its headquarters in Stamford. The company offers both hotel and leisure services. Some of the properties owned by the company include spas, resorts, vacation properties and hotels. More over, the corporation owns and operates franchises (Great Britain & British Oversees Trade Board, 2004). Background information of the Starwood Hotel and Resorts Starwood Hotel is an effusive incorporated owner, worker and franchisor of hotels. The company was initially established by the real estate investment firm called Starwood Capital. The intention of the formation was to take advantage of the tax break. Frits Van Paasschen is the current CEO. The Starwood Hotel and Resort Company have a chain of brands spread across the globe. They include Westin, Sheraton, W Hotels, St. Regis, Le Meridien, Aloft and Element. The company has over 1,134 properties in over 100 nations (Gibler, Gibler, & Anderson, 2010). Moreover, it has a global employee capacity of 154,000. Starwoo d enjoys massive marketing and customer retention through its program â€Å"Starwood Preferred Guest†. The program allows members to redeem points for services offered such as room stay and flights. It is imperative to note that the luxury hotels and resorts incorporated in the Starwood Company offer unique and authentic experiences that evoke lasting memories. Moreover, for any global voyager, the collection offers an entrance to the world’s most exhilarating and attractive destinations (Gibler, Gibler, & Anderson, 2010). The luxury hotels and resorts have exceptional and cherished appearance of the location, native charms and treasures. Starwood hotels and Resort Company embrace cultural diversity. This is the sole reason as to why it has extensively established across the globe. The company sustains an associate and clientele base as diverse as the globe’s population. The diverse brands spread all over the world give Starwood a distinctive cultural identity w hich accommodates diversity. This trend of operation embraced by the company’s management as created distinctive appeal in the global market. It is factual that, expanding the operations of the company to the United Arab Emirates may not be faced by cultural based complication (Hudson, 2010). This practice has enhanced the company’s objective of inclusion of people of all races with diverse political, economic and social backgrounds. Indeed, the culture of diversity in Starwood Hotels & Resorts, Inc. is further enhanced by unique blending and mining of the associates’ talents from across the globe. The top management commitment to ensure cultural diversity is enhanced in a shared responsibility with the chain of associates spread globally. According to the company’s interests, the Starwood intends to reduce the socio-cultural gap among the employees drawn from across the globe. This kind of integration satisfies the company’s values of internationa l cooperation and amalgamation (Hudson, 2010). This practice remains the key motivation to the success of the numerous centers of the company located all over the globe. Literature review The new market in the United Arab Emirates The extent and enormity of how much the UAE has developed in nature, predominantly in the last decade, is exemplary, even beyond the international standards. This tremendous expansion in political, social and economic areas has put the UAE in the

Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Economics - Assignment Example Manufacturers are essentially limited to the manufacturing of mobile handsets and accessories and supply them to the mobile phone network service providers. Most of the major manufacturers of mobile phone sets are however, foreign and UK imports mobile phones. Major manufactures of mobile phone handsets include Nokia, Samsung, Apple, Sony Ericson are all foreign firms providing mobile phone handsets and other accessories to the service providers.1 Network operators offer airtime and data services to the end users as well as other tied services. They also offer services to indirect services providers as well as the virtual network service providers. They also sell packages to the customers as well as to the dealers to provide pay as you go as well as other bundled services to end users. Dealers actually operate through their retail outlets and offer mobile phone handsets as well as services obtained from the network operators. Though there are large numbers of smaller and independent dealers however, market seems to be dominated by the few very large dealers such as phone4U and other dealers. The growth of mobile phone networks in UK started during 1985 when government started to de-regulate the market. Since then there has been mushroom growth of the mobile networks in the country. Over the period of time, new services have been added thus increasing the overall depth and breadth of the market. (Doyle and Smith, 1999) Some estimates suggest that there are more than 80 million users of mobile phone data services across the country. Such growth in the market therefore suggests that UK is one of the growing markets for the mobile phone networks. What is also critical to understand that the overall number of service providers have remained limited despite such growth in the market. Initially very few operators were allowed to operate however the overall inclusion rate has increased in the recent past. Firms like Orange, O2, and Vodafone

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law - Essay Example This is why some evidence is kept for years under protection to ensure that every suspected criminal is rightfully charged. Doctor and attorney client privileges exist because every individual has a right to defend themselves by using an attorney before being charged. The defendants also have the right for a doctor in case they have medical complications. Every suspected criminal is expected to have an attorney who are of high qualities, excellent judgment, absolute integrity, fearless and have good knowledge of the case and the evidence presented to them (Totten, 2012). Privileges to an attorney and provision of doctor are very essential as it prevent innocent people from being prosecuted or individuals who are found guilty being given a fair trial that guarantees them a reasonable sentence depending on the crimes they have been found guilty for. The way a case is handled does not only affect the prosecuted and the prosecutors but the society at large. This is why the decision or th e judgment of the prosecutors should not be based on the public pressure, political influence or media instead should be based on the evidence found and the level the attorneys can prove the guilt or the innocence of the person at interest. This is why the prosecutors say that it is never easy being the one to make a judgment of whether a person is guilty or not, being able to put someone in jail makes the journey so lonely that there are people waiting for your decision and whichever you give one party will be hurt. The job takes character; it dictates one to have self confidence and inner strength (Totten, 2012). Without having solid moral direction and be compassionate in their approach the society will judge them and try to bring them down. Where there is evidence, the prosecutor should be guided by common sense and fairness because the decision they make may extremely affect the lives of many others than the suspected criminal. Suspected criminal should have privilege for an at torney who is supposed to represent them regardless of the amount of evidence found against them. This ensures that the evidence provided is properly marshaled and severely adduced because there can never be a fair trial without fair prosecution and presentation of enough evidence. The attorney also tries to reduce the charges brought against their clients by taking up deals (Siegel, 2009). The attorney is required to have the client attorney privilege of ensuring that they keep everything the client has told them under protection unless they decide not to represent those clients. Question 2 In the case Ulster v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 1979, presumptions as evidence was used where the defendants refused to the introduction of the guns into evidence since there was no enough prove to connect them with the guns. The trial court canceled the protest, relying on the presumption of custody created by a New York law providing that the existence of a weapon in a vehicle is presumptive confir mation of its unlawful ownership by all people then occupying the automobile, except when inter alia, the weapon is set up upon the individual of one of the occupants (Samaha, 20111). To find guilty a criminal defendant, the prosecutor must confirm